羊肚菌，又被称为草箬竹，因其菌盖表面凹凸不平同时形状类似于羊肚而得名，是一种较为珍贵的食用菌。羊肚菌营养非常丰富，含有丰富的粗蛋白、粗脂肪以及碳水化合物，同时含有至少8种维生素，其营养成分可与肉以及牛乳相媲美，有着“素中之荤”的美称。此外，羊肚菌还是治疗痰多气短、消化不良的良好中药。羊肚菌具有较高的经济价值以及种植效益，因而越来越受到农户的关注。近年来，为了提高羊肚菌的种植产量，一些农户通过温室大棚来种植羊肚菌并且取得了良好的种植效果。本文就羊肚菌温室大棚种植的优点进行了具体的介绍，同时提出了其种植技术要点，希望能够为种植户提供参考。
Morel, is named because of its uneven surface and similar shape to sheep tripe. It is a precious edible fungus. Morel is very nutritious, rich in crude protein, crude fat and carbohydrates, and contains at least 8 vitamins. Its nutritional content is comparable to meat and milk, and it has the reputation of "the meat of the vegetarian". In addition, morel is also a good Chinese medicine for the treatment of phlegm, shortness of breath and indigestion. Morel has high economic value and planting benefits, so it has attracted more and more attention from farmers. In recent years, in order to increase the production of morels, some farmers have used greenhouses to grow morels and have achieved good planting results. This article gives a specific introduction to the advantages of morel mushroom cultivation in greenhouses, and at the same time puts forward the key points of its cultivation techniques, hoping to provide a reference for growers.
羊肚菌的生长需要较为阴暗的环境，其整个生长发育过程仅仅需要一些散射光，因而必须在遮光条件下种植，必须为羊肚菌搭建遮阴篷。而温室大棚种植技术，仅仅需要在其大棚上搭建一片遮阳网即可，可以有效减少传统种植技术立柱以及横拉杆等材料的成本以及搭建的人工费用。
Morel needs a dark environment for its growth. The whole growth and development process only needs some scattered light, so it must be planted under shading conditions, and a shade canopy must be built for the morel. The greenhouse planting technology only needs to build a shading net on the greenhouse, which can effectively reduce the cost of traditional planting technology such as columns and tie rods and the labor cost of construction.
羊肚菌在生长过程中对湿度要求较高。采用传统的露地种植方法，羊肚菌在生长过程中极容易受到雨雪天气的影响，如果降雨或者降雪时间过长，即容易导致土壤积水的发生，对羊肚菌的生长发育产生巨大的影响。而温室大棚种植技术，其顶膜对于棚内湿度具有良好的保持效果，尤其是在晚上可以保持棚内较高的湿度，可以结合羊肚菌在不同生长发育时期对空气以及土壤湿度的需求对湿度进行人工调节，不仅可以促进子实体的分化，还可以保证其出菇整齐，使其菇体迅速发育，从而促进羊肚菌的生长发育，使其提前上市，在保证获得高产的同时明显提高了羊肚菌的经济效益。
Morel has higher requirements for humidity during the growth process. Using traditional open field planting methods, Morchella is very susceptible to rain and snow during the growth process. If rain or snow falls for too long, it will easily lead to the occurrence of soil water, which will have a huge impact on the growth and development of Morchella. influences. In the greenhouse planting technology, the top film has a good effect on maintaining humidity in the shed, especially at night, it can maintain a high humidity in the shed, which can be combined with the needs of morels for air and soil humidity in different growth and development stages. The artificial adjustment of humidity can not only promote the differentiation of the fruit body, but also ensure its neat fruiting and rapid development of the mushroom body, thereby promoting the growth and development of morels, making them market in advance, ensuring high yields and improving significantly at the same time The economic benefits of morels.
羊肚菌的产量极容易受到外界环境的影响。一旦出现冬季大雪以及极短恶劣的天气、春季大风天气，羊肚菌的子实体由于无法抵御恶劣环境极容易冻死，从而造成毁灭性的灾害。而温室大棚种植技术，可以对大风危害以及雪灾等自然灾害起到良好的抵御作用，同时可以有效调控极端的低温条件，从而保证羊肚菌栽培的稳产性。
The production of morels is extremely susceptible to the external environment. In the event of heavy snow in winter, extremely short and severe weather, and strong winds in spring, the fruiting bodies of morels can easily freeze to death due to the inability to withstand the harsh environment, causing devastating disasters. The greenhouse planting technology can play a good role in resisting natural disasters such as gale hazards and snow disasters. At the same time, it can effectively regulate extreme low temperature conditions to ensure the stability of morel cultivation.
当前，生产中较为常见的羊肚菌品种主要为六妹羊肚菌以及梯棱羊肚菌两种，而这两个品种所需要的生长温度各不相同。六妹羊肚菌具有较强的适应性，能够耐较高的温度，因而更适合在温室大棚中进行种植。而梯棱羊肚菌在其子实体的分化期对适当的低温极为敏感，在子实体分化期如果低温不够或者温差不够其子实体很难进行彻底分化，从而对羊肚菌的产量造成极为严重的影响，在生产实践过程中这一问题确实存在。因而，对于温室大棚种植技术，应充分考虑到其气温高于露地的特点，并结合羊肚菌不同的品种对温度不同的适应性，选择六妹羊肚菌作为温室大棚种植的品种来获得稳产以及高产。
At present, the more common Morchella species in production are mainly Morchella sextelata and Morchella importuna, and these two species require different growth temperatures. Morchella sextelata has strong adaptability and can withstand higher temperatures, so it is more suitable for planting in greenhouses. Morchella importuna is extremely sensitive to appropriate low temperature during the differentiation period of its fruiting bodies. If the low temperature is not enough or the temperature difference is not enough during the differentiation period of the fruiting bodies, the fruiting bodies are difficult to differentiate completely, which will have a very serious impact on the production of morels. This problem does exist in the production practice process. Therefore, for the greenhouse planting technology, the characteristics of higher temperature than the open field should be fully considered, and the adaptability of different morel species to different temperatures should be taken into account, and Morchella sextelata should be selected as the variety grown in the greenhouse to obtain stable and high yield.
温室大棚种植技术很难对羊肚菌播种、子实体分化以及生长期各个时期的温度进行同时兼顾。在羊肚菌的整个生长发育过程中，其生长发育后期的高温对子实体的分化以及生长影响最大， 如果在出菇时期遇到高温环境，不但会对子实体的生长造成影响，同时还会对土层中子实体的分化造成影响，会使出土的菇体出现早衰或者腐烂的情况。由于子实体原基分化缺乏其必需的低温刺激，使得子实体分化较少甚至不分化，使得出菇批次有所减少，导致羊肚菌的产量受到了严重的影响。此外，播种期的高温会使羊肚菌菌丝的生长受到影响，通常情况下羊肚菌的菌丝在4℃-32℃的环境下可进行生长，而其最适宜的生长温度为18℃-20℃。然而，在实际的生产过程中，很难对播种时期以及子实体分化生长时期的温度进行同时兼顾，由于播种期的适当高温对羊肚菌产量的影响要小于子实体分化生长期，因而，对于羊肚菌的温室大棚种植技术，可以将其播种期尽量提前，当棚内温度达到25℃时开始播种，从而为子实体的分化以及生长提供一个更长的低温时期，使出菇数量以及个体数量有所增加。
It is difficult for greenhouse planting technology to take into account the temperature of Morchella sowing, fruit body differentiation and growth period at the same time. In the entire growth and development process of Morchella, the high temperature in the later stage of its growth and development has the greatest impact on the differentiation and growth of the fruit body. If the high temperature environment is encountered during the fruiting period, it will not only affect the growth of the fruit body, but also Affect the differentiation of fruit bodies in the soil layer, and make the unearthed mushroom bodies appear premature aging or rot. Due to the lack of the necessary low temperature stimulation for the differentiation of the fruit body primordium, the fruit body is less differentiated or even not differentiated, resulting in a decrease in the number of fruiting batches, resulting in a serious impact on the yield of morels. In addition, the high temperature during the sowing period will affect the growth of morel hyphae. Under normal circumstances, the hyphae of morel can grow in an environment of 4℃-32℃, and the most suitable growth temperature is 18℃. -20°C. However, in the actual production process, it is difficult to take into account the temperature during the sowing period and the fruit body differentiation growth period at the same time. Because the appropriate high temperature in the sowing period has less impact on the yield of morels than the fruit body differentiation growth period, The greenhouse planting technology of morels can advance the seeding period as much as possible. The seeding starts when the temperature in the shed reaches 25℃, so as to provide a longer low temperature period for the differentiation and growth of the fruiting bodies, so as to increase the number of fruiting mushrooms and the number of individuals. The number has increased.
由于黑色遮阳网具有较强的吸热型，如果将其铺设于棚膜上会明显提高棚内的温度，因而羊肚菌温室大棚种植技术所需要的遮阳网不可以直接铺设与棚膜上。对于单体棚，可以在其棚边加设立柱，保证柱高以及棚顶高一致，使遮阳网形成平棚，仅仅与大棚的棚顶进行接触。对于多个单体棚，则需要将遮阳网固定在各个棚的棚顶，从而形成一个整体，这样可以使棚内的温度明显降低，将边膜以及端膜卷起以后可以保证良好的通风。
Since the black sunshade net has a strong heat-absorbing type, if it is laid on the shed film, the temperature in the shed will be significantly increased. Therefore, the sunshade net required by the morel greenhouse planting technology cannot be directly laid on the shed film. For a single shed, a column can be added to the edge of the shed to ensure that the height of the column and the roof of the shed are consistent, so that the sunshade net forms a flat shed, which only contacts the roof of the big shed. For multiple single sheds, it is necessary to fix the sunshade net on the roof of each shed to form a whole, so that the temperature in the shed can be significantly reduced, and good ventilation can be ensured after the side and end films are rolled up.
（1）温度。羊肚菌在不同的生长发育阶段所适宜的温度各不相同，其出菇以后地表温度不得高于28℃，因而，在羊肚菌出菇以后应将其地表的最高温度控制在25℃以下。一旦出现极端低温应立即进行闭棚保温，而出现极端高温时应立即采取相关的棚内以及棚外降温措施。可以通过在棚外建立喷雾设施，从而有效解决羊肚菌在出菇期中午温度较高的问题。结合喷头的水压以及喷头大小，间隔合理的位置进行高喷头的安装，在中午棚内温度较高时进行间歇性喷雾，这对于棚内温度的降低具有非常明显的效果。
（2）水分。羊肚菌各个生长发育时期对于水分的需求也各不相同，因而应结合其具体的需求为其提供适宜的水分。在羊肚菌的菌丝生长阶段，应将土壤的含水量控制在45%-60%之间，而在其子实体的生长阶段应将大棚内的空气湿度控制在70%-90%之间。
（3）空气。羊肚菌在不同生长阶段对空气的要求也各不相同。在羊肚菌的菌丝生长阶段，其对空气并不存在明显的要求，然而在其子实体的分化以及生长发育阶段对空气较为敏感。一旦空气中二氧化碳的含量超过了0.3%，其子实体就会表现为瘦弱、畸形甚至腐烂。因此，在羊肚菌的籽实体形成以及生长发育阶段要加强对温室大棚的通风换气。
(1) Temperature. The suitable temperature of Morchella in different growth and development stages is different. The surface temperature after fruiting should not be higher than 28℃. Therefore, the highest temperature of the surface should be controlled below 25℃ after fruiting. . In the event of extreme low temperature, the shed should be closed for insulation immediately, and when extreme high temperature occurs, the relevant measures for cooling inside and outside the shed should be taken immediately. It is possible to establish spray facilities outside the shed to effectively solve the problem of the high temperature of morels at noon during the fruiting period. Combining the water pressure of the nozzles and the size of the nozzles, install high nozzles at reasonable intervals, and spray intermittently when the temperature in the shed is high at noon, which has a very obvious effect on reducing the temperature in the shed.
(2) Moisture. Morchella has different requirements for water during each growth and development period, so it should be combined with its specific needs to provide suitable water for it. In the mycelial growth stage of Morel, the moisture content of the soil should be controlled between 45%-60%, and the air humidity in the greenhouse should be controlled between 70%-90% during the growth stage of its fruit bodies .
(3) Air. Morel has different requirements for air in different growth stages. In the hyphae growth stage of Morchella, it does not have obvious requirements for air, but it is more sensitive to air in the differentiation and growth stages of its fruit bodies. Once the carbon dioxide content in the air exceeds 0.3%, the fruit body will appear thin, deformed or even rot. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the ventilation of the greenhouse during the formation and growth of the seed body of Morchella.
羊肚菌极容易因为环境条件的不适而导致生理性病害的发生。羊肚菌的温室大棚种植通常不会出现侵害性疾病，因而需要对棚内的环境条件进行重点防治。羊肚菌的主要虫害有蓟马、蛞蝓以及黄曲条跳甲等，其中黄曲条跳甲以及蓟马所造成的危害较轻，因而虫害防治的重点工作是诱杀蛞蝓。蛞蝓主要对出土后的子实体造成危害，因而应结合蛞蝓日伏夜出的特点对其进行诱杀法防治，每隔2m在墒面上放置一张放有四聚乙醛颗粒剂的菜叶，通过引诱蛞蝓取食来实现对其的防治，在此过程中必须要停止浇水1-2天。
Morel is very easy to cause physiological diseases due to the discomfort of environmental conditions. Greenhouse cultivation of morel mushrooms usually does not cause invasive diseases, so it is necessary to focus on the environmental conditions in the greenhouse. The main pests of morels are thrips, slugs and yellow striped beetles. Among them, yellow striped strips and thrips cause less damage. Therefore, the focus of pest control is to trap and kill slugs. Slugs mainly cause harm to the unearthed fruiting bodies, so they should be trapped and controlled in accordance with the characteristics of slugs coming out at night and day. Place a vegetable leaf with acetaldehyde granules on the soil every 2m. The prevention and treatment of slugs is achieved by attracting slugs to feed. During this process, watering must be stopped for 1-2 days.
综上所述，羊肚菌温室大棚种植技术不仅新增投入较少，有利于对羊肚菌生长环境的人工调控，而且可以保证羊肚菌的稳产性，值得大力推广。在羊肚菌温室大棚种植过程中，需要对其品种以及种植时间的选择、遮阳网的搭建、棚内环境的控制以及病虫害防治工作进行有效的控制，只有这样才能保证羊肚菌的稳产以及高产。
To sum up, the morel greenhouse cultivation technology not only has less new investment, it is conducive to the artificial regulation of the morel growth environment, but also can ensure the stable production of morel, which is worthy of vigorous promotion. In the process of growing morel in a greenhouse, it is necessary to effectively control the selection of its varieties and planting time, the construction of shading nets, the control of the environment in the shed, and the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests. Only in this way can the stable and high yield of morels be guaranteed. .
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